OpenAI Trained AI Models on Copyrighted O'Reilly Media Books 3h4m67 Researchers Claim

The AI Disclosures Project conducted a test to see if OpenAI’s AI models could identify content from paywalled O’Reilly Media books. 406p4y

Written by David Delima | Updated: 2 April 2025 18:42 IST

OpenAI Trained AI Models on Copyrighted O'Reilly Media Books, Researchers Claim

Photo Credit: Unsplash/ Levart_Photographer 2l4j5i

As many as 3,962 paragraph excerpts from 34 O’Reilly Media books were used for the test

Highlights

O’Reilly Media is said to not have any licensing agreement with OpenAI
GPT-4o was said to show the highest recognition of copyrighted content
Researchers used a hip inference attack in the test

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OpenAI might have trained its artificial intelligence (AI) models on copyrighted content, according to a research paper. A recently published paper from the non-profit organisation AI Disclosures Project, the San Francisco-based AI firm's recent large language models (LLMs) showed a higher recognition of copyrighted content compared to its older models. The researchers used a recently developed method called DE-COP to detect copyrighted content in the AI models' training dataset. Notably, the study found that the GPT-4o mini was not trained on the specific copyrighted content.

Researchers Used DE-COP to Test OpenAI's Training Dataset 4c833

The study, titled Beyond Public Access in LLM Pre-Training Data, was conducted to check if OpenAI's AI models were trained on non-public book content. For the study, researchers focused on O'Reilly Media, a US online learning platform, which contains numerous copyrighted books. The founder of the platform, Tim O'Reilly, was also one of the co-authors of the study.

The researchers used DE-COP method to test whether the training data of the AI models contained copyrighted material. This is a relatively new test, introduced in a paper published in 2024. The method, also known as a hip inference attack, quizzes an AI model with a multiple-choice test to see whether it can identify copyrighted content from machine-generated paraphrased alternatives.

OpenAI Teases Releasing Its First Open-Source Reasoning AI Model

The researchers used Claude 3.5 Sonnet to paraphrase the copyrighted material. As many as 3,962 paragraph excerpts from 34 O'Reilly Media books were used for the test.

Based on the tests conducted, the researchers claimed to have found that the GPT-4o AI model showed the highest recognition of the copyrighted and paywalled O'Reilly book content with an 82 percent Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AURUC) score. Notably, the AURUC score is part of the DE-COP method and is derived from the guess rates from the multiple-choice test.

The study also found that older OpenAI AI models, such as GPT-3.5 Turbo, showed lesser content recognition compared to GPT-4o, but still high enough to be significant. However, GPT-4o mini was found not to be trained on the paywalled O'Reilly Media books. The paper states the reason could be that the test is not effective against smaller language models.

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Akash Dutta Email Akash Dutta

Akash Dutta is a Senior Sub Editor at Gadgets 360. He is particularly interested in the social impact of technological developments and loves reading about emerging fields such as AI, metaverse, and fediverse. In his free time, he can be seen ing his favourite football club - Chelsea, watching movies and anime, and sharing ionate opinions on food. More